Preamble ………………………………………………………………………………………. 313
PART I
Scope of this Protocol
Article 1 Material field of application………………………………………………. 314
Article 2 Personal field of application ……………………………………………… 314
Article 3 Non-intervention …………………………………………………………….. 314
PART II
Humane treatment
Article 4 Fundamental guarantees…………………………………………………… 315
Article 5 Persons whose liberty has been restricted…………………………… 316
Article 6 Penal prosecutions …………………………………………………………… 317
PART III
Wounded, sick and shipwrecked
Article 7 Protection and care………………………………………………………….. 318
Article 8 Search …………………………………………………………………………….. 318
Article 9 Protection of medical and religious personnel ……………………. 318
Article 10 General protection of medical duties …………………………………. 318
Article 11 Protection of medical units and transports ………………………… 319
Article 12 The distinctive emblem ……………………………………………………. 319
PART IV
Civilian population
Article 13 Protection of the civilian population …………………………………. 319
Article 14 Protection of objects indispensable to the survival
of the civilian population………………………………………………….. 319
Article 15 Protection of works and installations
containing dangerous forces ……………………………………………… 320
Article 16 Protection of cultural objects and of places of worship………… 320
Article 17 Prohibition of forced movement of civilians……………………….. 320
Article 18 Relief societies and relief actions……………………………………….. 320
PART V
Final provisions
Article 19 Dissemination …………………………………………………………………. 321
Article 20 Signature ………………………………………………………………………… 321
Article 21 Ratification……………………………………………………………………… 321
Article 22 Accession………………………………………………………………………… 321
Article 23 Entry into force ……………………………………………………………….. 321
Article 24 Amendment ……………………………………………………………………. 321
Article 25 Denunciation ………………………………………………………………….. 322
Article 26 Notifications……………………………………………………………………. 322
Article 27 Registration…………………………………………………………………….. 322
Article 28 Authentic texts ………………………………………………………………… 322
312 CONTENTS
VI
PROTOCOL ADDITIONAL
TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF 12 AUGUST 1949,
AND RELATING TO THE PROTECTION
OF VICTIMS OF NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS
(PROTOCOL II),OF 8 JUNE 1977
PREAMBLE
The High Contracting Parties,
Recalling that the humanitarian principles enshrined in Article 3 common to the
Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, constitute the foundation of respect for the
human person in cases of armed conflict not of an international character,
Recalling furthermore that international instruments relating to human rights
offer a basic protection to the human person,
Emphasizing the need to ensure a better protection for the victims of those
armed conflicts,
Recalling that, in cases not covered by the law in force, the human person
remains under the protection of the principles of humanity and the dictates of the
public conscience,
Have agreed on the following:
PART I
SCOPE OF THIS PROTOCOL
Article 1 Material field of application
1. This Protocol,which develops and supplements Article 3 common to the Geneva
Conventions of 12 August 1949 without modifying its existing conditions of
applications, shall apply to all armed conflicts which are not covered by Article 1
of the Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and
relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts
(Protocol I) and which take place in the territory of a High Contracting Party
between its armed forces and dissident armed forces or other organized armed
groups which, under responsible command, exercise such control over a part of
its territory as to enable them to carry out sustained and concerted military
operations and to implement this Protocol.
2. This Protocol shall not apply to situations of internal disturbances and tensions,
such as riots, isolated and sporadic acts of violence and other acts of a similar
nature, as not being armed conflicts.
Article 2 Personal field of application
1. This Protocol shall be applied without any adverse distinction founded on race,
colour, sex, language, religion or belief, political or other opinion, national or
social origin, wealth, birth or other status, or on any other similar criteria
(hereinafter referred to as adverse distinction?) to all persons affected by an
armed conflict as defined in Article 1.
2. At the end of the armed conflict, all the persons who have been deprived of their
liberty or whose liberty has been restricted for reasons related to such conflict,
as well as those deprived of their liberty or whose liberty is restricted after the
conflict for the same reasons, shall enjoy the protection of Articles 5 and 6 until
the end of such deprivation or restriction of liberty.
Article 3 Non-intervention
1. Nothing in this Protocol shall be invoked for the purpose of affecting the
sovereignty of a State or the responsibility of the government, by all legitimate
means, to maintain or re-establish law and order in the State or to defend the
national unity and territorial integrity of the State.
2. Nothing in this Protocol shall be invoked as a justification for intervening,
directly or indirectly, for any reason whatever, in the armed conflict or in the
internal or external affairs of the High Contracting Party in the territory of
which that conflict occurs.
314 ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL II OF 1977
PART II
HUMANE TREATMENT
Article 4 Fundamental guarantees
1. All persons who do not take a direct part or who have ceased to take part in
hostilities,whether or not their liberty has been restricted, are entitled to respect
for their person,honour and convictions and religious practices.They shall in all
circumstances be treated humanely, without any adverse distinction. It is
prohibited to order that there shall be no survivors.
2. Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, the following acts against
the persons referred to in paragraph 1 are and shall remain prohibited at any
time and in any place whatsoever:
a) violence to the life, health and physical or mental well-being of persons, in
particular murder as well as cruel treatment such as torture, mutilation or
any form of corporal punishment;
b) collective punishments;
c) taking of hostages;
d) acts of terrorism;
e) outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading
treatment, rape, enforced prostitution and any form of indecent assault;
f) slavery and the slave trade in all their forms;
g) pillage;
h) threats to commit any of the foregoing acts.
3. Children shall be provided with the care and aid they require, and in particular:
a) they shall receive an education, including religious and moral education, in
keeping with the wishes of their parents,or in the absence of parents,of those
responsible for their care;
b) all appropriate steps shall be taken to facilitate the reunion of families
temporarily separated;
c) children who have not attained the age of fifteen years shall neither be
recruited in the armed forces or groups nor allowed to take part in hostilities;
d) the special protection provided by this Article to children who have not
attained the age of fifteen years shall remain applicable to them if they take a
direct part in hostilities despite the provisions of sub-paragraph c) and are
captured;
e) measures shall be taken, if necessary, and whenever possible with the consent
of their parents or persons who by law or custom are primarily responsible
for their care, to remove children temporarily from the area in which
hostilities are taking place to a safer area within the country and ensure that
they are accompanied by persons responsible for their safety and well-being.
NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS 315
Article 5 Persons whose liberty has been restricted
1. In addition to the provisions of Article 4, the following provisions shall be
respected as a minimum with regard to persons deprived of their liberty for
reasons related to the armed conflict, whether they are interned or detained:
a) the wounded and the sick shall be treated in accordance with Article 7;
b) the persons referred to in this paragraph shall, to the same extent as the local
civilian population, be provided with food and drinking water and be
afforded safeguards as regards health and hygiene and protection against the
rigours of the climate and the dangers of the armed conflict;
c) they shall be allowed to receive individual or collective relief;
d) they shall be allowed to practise their religion and, if requested and
appropriate, to receive spiritual assistance from persons, such as chaplains,
performing religious functions;
e) they shall, if made to work, have the benefit of working conditions and
safeguards similar to those enjoyed by the local civilian population.
2. Those who are responsible for the internment or detention of the persons
referred to in paragraph 1 shall also, within the limits of their capabilities,
respect the following provisions relating to such persons:
a) except when men and women of a family are accommodated together,
women shall be held in quarters separated from those of men and shall be
under the immediate supervision of women;
b) they shall be allowed to send and receive letters and cards, the number of
which may be limited by competent authority if it deems necessary;
c) places of internment and detention shall not be located close to the combat
zone. The persons referred to in paragraph 1 shall be evacuated when the
places where they are interned or detained become particularly exposed to
danger arising out of the armed conflict, if their evacuation can be carried
out under adequate conditions of safety;
d) they shall have the benefit of medical examinations;
e) their physical or mental health and integrity shall not be endangered by any
unjustified act or omission. Accordingly, it is prohibited to subject the
persons described in this Article to any medical procedure which is not
indicated by the state of health of the person concerned, and which is not
consistent with the generally accepted medical standards applied to free
persons under similar medical circumstances.
3. Persons who are not covered by paragraph 1 but whose liberty has been
restricted in any way whatsoever for reasons related to the armed conflict shall
be treated humanely in accordance with Article 4 and with paragraphs 1 a), c)
and d), and 2 b) of this Article.
316 ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL II OF 1977
4. If it is decided to release persons deprived of their liberty, necessary measures to
ensure their safety shall be taken by those so deciding.
Article 6 Penal prosecutions
1. This Article applies to the prosecution and punishment of criminal offences
related to the armed conflict.
2. No sentence shall be passed and no penalty shall be executed on a person found
guilty of an offence except pursuant to a conviction pronounced by a court
offering the essential guarantees of independence and impartiality. In particular:
a) the procedure shall provide for an accused to be informed without delay of
the particulars of the offence alleged against him and shall afford the accused
before and during his trial all necessary rights and means of defence;
b) no one shall be convicted of an offence except on the basis of individual
penal responsibility;
c) no one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on account of any act or
omission which did not constitute a criminal offence, under the law, at the
time when it was committed; nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than
that which was applicable at the time when the criminal offence was
committed; if, after the commission of the offence, provision is made by law
for the imposition of a lighter penalty, the offender shall benefit thereby;
d) anyone charged with an offence is presumed innocent until proved guilty
according to law;
e) anyone charged with an offence shall have the right to be tried in his
presence;
f) no one shall be compelled to testify against himself or to confess guilt.
3. A convicted person shall be advised on conviction of his judicial and other
remedies and of the time-limits within which they may be exercised.
4. The death penalty shall not be pronounced on persons who were under the age
of eighteen years at the time of the offence and shall not be carried out on
pregnant women or mothers of young children.
5. At the end of hostilities, the authorities in power shall endeavour to grant the
broadest possible amnesty to persons who have participated in the armed
conflict, or those deprived of their liberty for reasons related to the armed
conflict, whether they are interned or detained.
NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS 317
PART III
WOUNDED, SICK AND SHIPWRECKED
Article 7 Protection and care
1. All the wounded, sick and shipwrecked, whether or not they have taken part in
the armed conflict, shall be respected and protected.
2. In all circumstances they shall be treated humanely and shall receive, to the
fullest extent practicable and with the least possible delay, the medical care and
attention required by their condition. There shall be no distinction among them
founded on any grounds other than medical ones.
Article 8 Search
Whenever circumstances permit, and particularly after an engagement, all possible
measures shall be taken, without delay, to search for and collect the wounded, sick
and shipwrecked, to protect them against pillage and ill-treatment, to ensure their
adequate care, and to search for the dead, prevent their being despoiled, and
decently dispose of them.
Article 9 Protection of medical and religious personnel
1. Medical and religious personnel shall be respected and protected and shall be
granted all available help for the performance of their duties. They shall not be
compelled to carry out tasks which are not compatible with their humanitarian
mission.
2. In the performance of their duties medical personnel may not be required to
give priority to any person except on medical grounds.
Article 10 General protection of medical duties
1. Under no circumstances shall any person be punished for having carried out
medical activities compatible with medical ethics, regardless of the person
benefiting therefrom.
2. Persons engaged in medical activities shall neither be compelled to perform acts
or to carry out work contrary to, nor be compelled to refrain from acts required
by, the rules of medical ethics or other rules designed for the benefit of the
wounded and sick, or this Protocol.
3. The professional obligations of persons engaged in medical activities regarding
information which they may acquire concerning the wounded and sick under
their care shall, subject to national law, be respected.
4. Subject to national law, no person engaged in medical activities may be
318 ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL II OF 1977
penalized in any way for refusing or failing to give information concerning the
wounded and sick who are, or who have been, under his care.
Article 11 Protection of medical units and transports
1. Medical units and transports shall be respected and protected at all times and
shall not be the object of attack.
2. The protection to which medical units and transports are entitled shall not cease
unless they are used to commit hostile acts, outside their humanitarian function.
Protection may, however, cease only after a warning has been given setting,
whenever appropriate, a reasonable time-limit, and after such warning has
remained unheeded.
Article 12 The distinctive emblem
Under the direction of the competent authority concerned, the distinctive emblem
of the red cross, red crescent or red lion and sun on a white ground shall be displayed
by medical and religious personnel and medical units, and on medical transports.
It shall be respected in all circumstances. It shall not be used improperly.
PART IV
CIVILIAN POPULATION
Article 13 Protection of the civilian population
1. The civilian population and individual civilians shall enjoy general protection
against the dangers arising from military operations. To give effect to this
protection, the following rules shall be observed in all circumstances.
2. The civilian population as such, as well as individual civilians, shall not be the
object of attack. Acts or threats of violence the primary purpose of which is to
spread terror among the civilian population are prohibited.
3. Civilians shall enjoy the protection afforded by this Part, unless and for such
time as they take a direct part in hostilities.
Article 14 Protection of objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian
population
Starvation of civilians as a method of combat is prohibited. It is therefore prohibited
to attack, destroy, remove or render useless, for that purpose, objects indispensable
to the survival of the civilian population, such as foodstuffs, agricultural areas
NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS 319
for the production of foodstuffs, crops, livestock, drinking water installations and
supplies and irrigation works.
Article 15 Protection of works and installations containing dangerous forces
Works or installations containing dangerous forces, namely dams, dykes and
nuclear electrical generating stations, shall not be made the object of attack, even
where these objects are military objectives, if such attack may cause the release of
dangerous forces and consequent severe losses among the civilian population.
Article 16 Protection of cultural objects and of places of worship
Without prejudice to the provisions of the Hague Convention for the Protection of
Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict of 14 May 1954, it is prohibited
to commit any acts of hostility directed against historic monuments, works of art
or places of worship which constitute the cultural or spiritual heritage of peoples,
and to use them in support of the military effort.
Article 17 Prohibition of forced movement of civilians
1. The displacement of the civilian population shall not be ordered for reasons
related to the conflict unless the security of the civilians involved or imperative
military reasons so demand. Should such displacements have to be carried out,
all possible measures shall be taken in order that the civilian population may be
received under satisfactory conditions of shelter, hygiene, health, safety and
nutrition.
2. Civilians shall not be compelled to leave their own territory for reasons
connected with the conflict.
Article 18 Relief societies and relief actions
1. Relief societies located in the territory of the High Contracting Party, such as
Red Cross (Red Crescent, Red Lion and Sun) organizations, may offer their
services for the performance of their traditional functions in relation to the
victims of the armed conflict. The civilian population may, even on its own
initiative, offer to collect and care for the wounded, sick and shipwrecked.
2. If the civilian population is suffering undue hardship owing to a lack of the
supplies essential for its survival, such as foodstuffs and medical supplies, relief
actions for the civilian population which are of an exclusively humanitarian and
impartial nature and which are conducted without any adverse distinction shall
be undertaken subject to the consent of the High Contracting Party concerned.
320 ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL II OF 1977
PART V
FINAL PROVISIONS
Article 19 Dissemination
This Protocol shall be disseminated as widely as possible.
Article 20 Signature
This Protocol shall be open for signature by the Parties to the Conventions six
months after the signing of the Final Act and will remain open for a period of
twelve months.
Article 21 Ratification
This Protocol shall be ratified as soon as possible. The instruments of ratification
shall be deposited with the Swiss Federal Council, depositary of the Conventions.
Article 22 Accession
This Protocol shall be open for accession by any Party to the Conventions which
has not signed it. The instruments of accession shall be deposited with the
depositary.
Article 23 Entry into force
1. This Protocol shall enter into force six months after two instruments of
ratification or accession have been deposited.
2. For each Party to the Conventions thereafter ratifying or acceding to this
Protocol, it shall enter into force six months after the deposit by such Party of its
instrument of ratification or accession.
Article 24 Amendment
1. Any High Contracting Party may propose amendments to this Protocol. The
text of any proposed amendment shall be communicated to the depositary
which shall decide, after consultation with all the High Contracting Parties and
the International Committee of the Red Cross, whether a conference should be
convened to consider the proposed amendment.
2. The depositary shall invite to that conference all the High Contracting Parties as
well as the Parties to the Conventions,whether or not they are signatories of this
Protocol.
NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS 321
Article 25 Denunciation
1. In case a High Contracting Party should denounce this Protocol, the
denunciation shall only take effect six months after receipt of the instrument of
denunciation. If, however, on the expiry of six months, the denouncing Party is
engaged in the situation referred to in Article 1, the denunciation shall not take
effect before the end of the armed conflict. Persons who have been deprived of
liberty, or whose liberty has been restricted, for reasons related to the conflict
shall nevertheless continue to benefit from the provisions of this Protocol until
their final release.
2. The denunciation shall be notified in writing to the depositary, which shall
transmit it to all the High Contracting Parties.
Article 26 Notifications
The depositary shall inform the High Contracting Parties as well as the Parties to
the Conventions, whether or not they are signatories of this Protocol, of:
a) signatures affixed to this Protocol and the deposit of instruments of
ratification and accession under Articles 21 and 22;
b) the date of entry into force of this Protocol under Article 23; and
c) communications and declarations received under Article 24.
Article 27 Registration
1. After its entry into force, this Protocol shall be transmitted by the depositary to
the Secretariat of the United Nations for registration and publication, in
accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.
2. The depositary shall also inform the Secretariat of the United Nations of all
ratifications and accessions received by it with respect to this Protocol.
Article 28 Authentic texts
The original of this Protocol, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French,
Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the depositary,
which shall transmit certified true copies thereof to all the Parties to the
Conventions.
322 ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL II OF 1977